GROUND WATER POLLUTION SCENARIO IN INDIA

State wise details of contamination of ground water in some areas of the districts due to various contaminants

The Central Pollution Control Board undertook a major groundwater quality survey and the report published in 1995 identified about 20 locations in various states of India as critical sites of ground water pollution. CPCB found that industrial effluents are the primary reason for ground water pollution. In the industrial and urban fringe zones of cities, sub-soil water has already been polluted by industries which release highly toxic substances. The wells in many residential areas are contaminated with nitrate and detergents.

Area	Industrial Activities	Ground Water Quality Problem
Dhanbad (Bihar)	Fertilizers, Chemicals, Soft drink plants, Cement explosive factory and Ancillary units	Low pH, high NO₃, Al, Ca, TDS, Fe, Mn, Cr, Zn, Cu, and metals like Hg & Cd, Pesticides and micro-organism
Digboi (Assam)	Oil refinery	Fe and Mn were more than permissible limit. Ni, Zn, Cd, Cr, Pb were also reported. Total Coliform were also present.
Durgapur (West Bengal)	Coal field	Heavy metals except Cu exceeded the desirable limit. Hg was also reported as high as 9.5 mg/l. Phenolic compounds were in traces. Total pesticides levels have violated the desirable limit.
Howrah (West Bengal)	Foundries, Electroplating & other mechanical type	Heavy metals viz, Pb, Cd, Cr were very high and Zn, Cu, were within limit. Hg was also present Fe & Mn were also very high, CN & Phenolic compounds in traces. EC, Cl, TDS were some time very high. Pesticides were also on high side.
Botharam Patncheru (AP)	Pesticides, Pharmaceuticals	Phosphates, Hg & As were beyond limit, Cd, Fe, Mn & Pb also exceeded. Pesticides were also found to be present. The Coliform were also on higher side. TDS, Ca exceeded the desirable limit.
Greater Cochin (Kerala)	Fertilizer, Pesticides, Chemicals	Low acidity. Heavy metals, Pesticides etc. were present in low concentrations. The presence of Total Coliform was the single major concern. The Coliform of fecal origin was also high.
North Arcot (TN)	Tanneries, dyeing Units	Hg, N, Cd, Pb & As were in traces. Zn, Cu, Cr, Fe & Mn exceeded the limit at several locations. Total Coliform was generally high and feacal Coliform were also on higher side.
Bhadravathi (Karnataka) Steel,	Steel, Paper Mills	Zn, Fe & Mn were reported to be high. Pesticides like Aldrin, Dieldrin, Lindane & DDT were present in very high concentrations. Pathogenic organisms were also on higher side.
Ratlam, Nagda (MP)	Distillery Dye (intermediates) Pharmaceutical (intermediates)	TDS, TH, Hg, Pb were on higher side considerable amounts of pesticides were also reported. Fecal Coliforms were also present particularly at Nagda.
Vapi (Gujarat)	Dyes, pesticides, paper & pulp mills, organic & inorganic chemicals.	Phenolic compounds, cyanide & heavy metals were present within limit as per drinking standards.
Chembur (Maharashtra)	Petrolieum, refineries, fertilizer & petrochemical, thermal power plant	TDS, Alkalinity, TH were higher. Heavy metals, pesticides, phenolic compounds were present in concentrations, but not very significant. Coliform were on higher side.
Korba (MP)	Thermal power plants, ancillary units, Aluminum industries, mining	The presence of Cd, Fe, Cr & Cu has exceeded the presented limits, Pesticides were also present. Coliform, F, TDS, B & phenolic compounds also exceeded the standards.
Singrauli (UP)	Thermal Power Plants, aluminum Plants, organic chemicals industries and other subsidiary units with Carbon plants, caustic soda & pesticides.	Fe, Cr & Cu were present in predominance. Presence of high Aldrine, Dieldrin & Lindane levels were also observed. Beside this F, Ca, Mg, B, Coliforms, Phenols exceeded the prescribed limit.
Mandi Gobindgarh (Punjab)	Wooden, chemicals, electro-plating units and other steel metals units.	Pb, Cu, Cd, exceeded the desirable limit of drinking water, Phenolic compounds & Cyanide was also present on higher side.
Parwanoo (HP)	Ancillary, general industries, fruit proceeding plant, airopesticides.	Presence of Cd, Pb, Fe, Mn were observed on higher side. Traces of Pesticides were also present. Phenolic were above the toxic limit.
Kala Amb (HP)	Paper mills	Phenolic compound were higher than the toxic limit; Coliforms were also present. Heavy metals like Cd, Pb & Mn and also pesticides had polluted the ground water.
Pali (Rajasthan)	Textile, dyes	Lead and Zinc were found higher. Fluoride concentration was noticed to be high. TDS, and Cl were in concentrates exceeding standards. Ground waters at some places were rich in organic method.
Jodhpur (Rajasthan)	Textile, steel, engineering foundry, chemicals, minerals dye plastic, oil, pulses and rubber.	Heavy metals such as Fe, Cr, Mn, were higher. Pb was also present NO₃, were also on higher side. Na, TDS exceeded the limit.
Najafgarh (Delhi)	Insecticides, Caustic Soda, Vanaspati, Electroplating etc.	EC, TDS both exceeded tin drinking water standards. Coliform, F, NO₃ were found significantly in higher values. Fe & Cr were in levels exceeding standards limit.
Angul Talcher	Thermal power station, fertilizers, chemicals, mining activities & aluminum	Cr, Fe, Cd, Pb & F all were found in concentration level exceeding standards limits. NO₃ values were high.